Year of the Flood

The Nightmare Scenario The charges of Atwood in the novel â€Å"Year of the Flood† are based off her idea that never throughout the entire existence of creation has an animal categories had the way to its own mass termination that it actually included it inside its very fingertips.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Year of the Flood explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is thought is obviously motivated from the conceivably damaging powers of atomic holocausts, unmitigated hereditary designing and an undeniably troublesome society where the potential for class fighting is a developing worry as observed by the ongoing uprisings in the Middle East. For Atwood, her annihilation of decision is passing by plague wherein humankind is cleared out by a plague that was at first masked as a prophylactic. While the Geneva Convention on Human Rights has prohibited the utilization and improvement of organic operators as a methods for fighting, in thi s way saving mankind the chance of biting the dust because of a harmful ailment, the reality remains that reviews despite everything do proceed in the domain of hereditary designing wherein the privileged insights of the hereditary code are consistently being investigated by researchers. For Atwood the structure of our way of life including sciences, religion and individuals are inalienably imperfect and deprived for change. The present standard in the public eye is in the encouraging of the idea of social imbalance which can and will make issues later on comparable to participation between all areas of mankind (Brooks, 11). It is because of this that Atwood depicts the future in such a dystopic group since it is really a sufficient impression of what the world will resemble should nothing be finished. Comparable to the study of hereditary building, it has had the option to make bioengineered corn that is increasingly impervious to sickness, made viable methods for treatment through hormones and quality treatment, all while the study of hereditary designing is still inside its outset. Then again different negative results have likewise come about, for example, bioengineered crops that people are really adversely affected by and untold symptoms on the human body by the present horde of medications and immunizations created by pharmaceutical organizations. While far-fetched, the chance is still there for calamity to happen; one proclamation by Atwood in the book sums up this chance â€Å"this was not a conventional pandemic it wouldn’t be contained after two or three hundred thousand passings, the pulverized with bio-apparatuses and blanch, this was the Waterless Flood the Gardeners so frequently had cautioned about, it had all the signs: it went through the air as though on wings, it consumed the urban communities like fire, spreading germ-ridden hordes, dread, and butchery† (Atwood, 20). This specific statement from the book shows how an organic infection can move through society; unhindered, relentless and un-killable.Advertising Looking for paper on writing dialects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The point that Atwood is attempting to make in this specific occasion is that with each progression we take towards logical advancement is a potential advance towards human termination. On account of the activities of Craker she apparently places that if progress isn’t tempered with adequate mental courage and care the outcome could be sad. With the goal for mankind to show up at level appeared in â€Å"Year of the Flood† current patterns and practices don’t should be misrepresented rather letting them finish on their present strategy will unavoidably prompt the current dystopic future appeared in the novel (Snyder, 19). Effectively unmitigated toxins being discharged into the environment have released all way of disease for mankind, the proceeded wit h development of the hole among rich and poor will definitely arrive at a breaking point and disorderly hereditary trials done for the sake of science can and will release some type of hereditary distortion onto the world that will make life increasingly hard for humankind (Brooks, 15). The unavoidable bad dream situation needn't bother with any further impetus nor misrepresentation with the goal for it to happen, rather, inaction by government pioneers, networks and researchers will realize it somehow. Critical Thinking After a snapshot of self-contemplation I would need to state that I would group myself just like a by and large skeptical mastermind. While I don’t circumvent taking a gander at the conceivable negative ramifications of the different activities mankind has submitted I am not all that guileless as to expect that valid and positive change won't come without some type of catalyst activating it. For instance right now locales, for example, the U.A.E, Australia an d China have been actualizing progressively tough techniques for web restriction so as to keep the overall population from â€Å"being harmed† by different antigovernment purposeful publicity at present multiplying the web at the present time. What must be seen however is that the web is probably the best device today for social and political change as found in the ongoing uprisings in the Middle East. One scene from the novel really shows the certainty of such an activity † then the CorpSeCorps had banned guns in light of a legitimate concern for open security, saving the recently designed shower firearms for themselves, and out of nowhere individuals were authoritatively weaponless† (Atwood, 24).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Year of the Flood explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the improvement of the web as a genuine apparatus of social change and change it does not shock anyone that legislatures would then advan ce in to control it similarly as the CorpSeCrops stepped in as referenced in the novel with the end goal of â€Å"public security†. As such dependent on what can be found in the present with respect to progressively tough government authority over the lives of their residents one really want to stay skeptical as the very instruments residents can use to retaliate are gradually being detracted from them. Humankind and machines Generally, the basic role of machines has consistently been to make human lives simpler. Truth be told their advantages have been referenced in the book in the accompanying section â€Å"The food came in through the security fixed entrance, in addition to there was the minifridge with snacks, and the water was separated, coming in and out both† (Atwood, 7). As such it tends to be seen that it is even in the assessment of Atwood that as machines show signs of improvement in giving human needs so to does the chance of the personal satisfaction incre ment. Then again it can likewise be expressed that as machines keep on developing so to will the occupations recently done by people be eliminated for cold machine proficiency. Truth be told it can even be seen in different segments of the book where the expanded disconnection of the informed portion of the populace in the conditions gave by the organizations is because of the way that an expanding measure of human employments being redistributed to robots which cause an enormous level of the populace to live in neediness. In that capacity, while it very well may be said that while machines show signs of improvement the nature of human life will build this level of value will be progressively separated towards the more elite classes of society. Changing Along With Machines One of the messages Atwood attempts to bestow in the novel is the idea of kinship anyway this idea can be further deciphered as thinking about your individual man. What must be thought about is the way that alongs ide enhancements in machines humankind should likewise improve alongside them. This doesn't mean the advancement of the physical self but instead the advancement of thought wherein mankind builds up an adequate enough ability to comprehend that its proceeded with activities will hurt as opposed to help humankind in general. In that capacity, this implies growing new cultural structures that cultivate fairness as opposed to imbalance, better social standards that emphasis on ethics and morals lastly the advancement of oneself to envelop both an adoration forever and the longing to secure it. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. The Year of the Flood. first. London: Bloomsbery, 2009. 3-48. Print.Advertising Searching for paper on writing dialects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Creeks Bouson, J. â€Å"â€Å"We’re Using Up the Earth. It’s Almost Gone†: A Return to the Post-Apocalyptic Future in Margaret Atwood’s The Year of the Flood.† Journal of Commonwealth Literature 46.1 (2011): 9-26. Scholastic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. Snyder, Katherine V. â€Å"It’s the End of the World As We Know It.† Women’s Review of Books 27.2 (2010): 19-20. Artistic Reference Center. EBSCO. Web. This paper on Year of the Flood was composed and put together by client Jazlyn A. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Module 3 Assessing a Research Study Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Module 3 Assessing a Research Study - Term Paper Example The exploration article utilizes materials that have been composed, talking about the advancement that has been made in the clinical or medicinal services segment, in light of the utilization of EMR administrations and programming, as a method of tending to the examination question. Subsequently, the utilization of writing audit is utilized to seek after and underscore the sensible connection between the needy variable (degree of profitability examination [ROI]) and autonomous variable (the development and utilization of EMR innovation). 2. The example size contains human services associations that bargain in endocrinology, general medical procedure, orthopedics, cardiology, nephrology, podiatry, ophthalmology, urology, word related medication, dermatology, hypersensitivity and immunology, family practice and gastroenterology. 5. The article obviously shows how the profits on ventures (ROI) have advanced when the appearance or utilization of EMR administrations (unwavering quality). This incorporates the introduction of real figures, and rates of expanded profitability (legitimacy). Two-route Analysis of Variance: unmistakably in the exploration, factual information have been utilized to depict the way in which a given clear cut and autonomous variable influences diverse ward factors. To be sure, the scientist, Dr. Sindhwani makes end such that the coming or utilization of EMR innovation has profoundly expanded all the previously mentioned and tried components of ROI in social insurance/clinical establishments. Dr. Sindhwani as the analyst investigates (remotely) the control of unessential factors by recognizing the spot of other relatable innovations, for example, Smart-telephones, their dominance and an expanded skill for precise coding as elements that will spike onwards, EMR’s returns on ventures. In the investigation, Dr. Sindhwani discovers that the utilization of EMR has altogether expanded the tried components of profits on speculation (ROI). Especially, Dr. Sindhwani is clear cut that outlining expanded from 0.5 to 1 (half

Schizophrenia vs. Schizoaffective Disorder

Schizophrenia vs. Schizoaffective Disorder Schizophrenia Print The Difference Between Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder By Adrian Preda, MD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 17, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 31, 2020 Schizophrenia Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children In This Article Table of Contents Expand Defining Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder Schizophrenia Schizoaffective Disorder Subtle Differences Duration of Mood Episodes Duration of the  Psychotic Symptoms and the Disease Relationship Between Mood Symptoms and Psychotic Symptoms Differences in Treatments View All Schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia are two different disorders, each with  its own diagnostic criteria and treatment. They are both defined as psychotic disorders in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM V). There are many similarities between schizophrenia  and  schizoaffective disorder, including the core  psychotic symptoms of hallucinations,  delusions, and disorganized thinking. There are also important differences, including the prominence of mood features, which is required for the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, but not for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.?? It is important to distinguish between the two because the prognosis is different, and treatment for the mood disorder symptoms is necessary for schizoaffective disorder, but might not be necessary for schizophrenia. Defining Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder With both of these psychotic disorders, hallucinations and delusions tend to occur. Hallucinations False sensory perceptions (hearing voices, seeing images, or feeling sensations that are not there) Delusions False beliefs (people are visiting through time travel or someone is secretly disguised as someone else) With both schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, the person who has the illness lacks insight into perceptual problems and false beliefs.?? For both conditions, the symptoms usually begin when a person is in his or her early 20s, and there may be a family history of the disease. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental illness that causes severe psychotic symptoms that interfere with the ability to relate to others, to think clearly, to take care of ones self, to hold down a job, or even to be in touch with reality.?? It is usually difficult to interact with others due to psychotic symptoms. Besides psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, people with schizophrenia often have incoherent speech and disorganized behavior. They generally exhibit a flat affect (not showing much emotion) and tend to speak much less than average. Often, a person with schizophrenia has deficits in attention, memory, ability to process new information, and trouble with problem-solving.?? An Overview of Schizophrenia Schizoaffective Disorder Schizoaffective disorder is a mental health condition in which a person experiences psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, or flat affect, along with symptoms of a mood disorder, such as depression and/or mania.?? There are two types of schizoaffective disorder: Bipolar type: characterized by episodes of mania and major depressionDepressive type: characterized by episodes of major depression without mania What Is Schizoaffective Disorder? Subtle Differences Subtle  differences  in  symptoms  can help differentiate between the two disorders. For example, a person who has schizophrenia can become depressed or manic, but these mood disordered symptoms are not generally a prominent or persistent part of the condition.?? The time course, prognosis, and treatment also differ in small ways.   Important differences between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder include the following. Schizophrenia Symptoms begin in early 20s Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, flat affect Chronic, persistent psychotic symptoms Schizoaffective Disorder Symptoms begin in early 20s Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, flat affect along with a mood disorder (depression or mania) Episodes of psychotic symptoms   Duration of Mood Episodes A person who has schizoaffective disorder is likely to experience severe mood symptoms accounting for more than half of the total duration of illness.?? On the other hand, a person who has schizophrenia may also experience mood episodes, but the total duration of the mood symptoms is brief compared to the duration of the psychotic symptoms. Duration of the  Psychotic Symptoms and the Disease The psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia tend to be persistent, while in schizoaffective disorder, they tend to come and go.?? In terms of the course of the disease, most people who are diagnosed with schizophrenia have a  chronic and persistent course of illness. On the other hand, most people diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder experience episodes of symptoms, and are more likely to have symptom-free intervals than people who have schizophrenia. However, this is not a hard and fast rule; in some people, the opposite is true. Relationship Between Mood Symptoms and Psychotic Symptoms In schizophrenia, mood symptoms are not expected to occur without psychotic symptoms. The psychotic symptoms are almost always present, but the mood symptoms come and go. In schizoaffective disorder, the psychotic symptoms may or may not be present during the times when a person is experiencing depression or mania.?? That said, the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder requires that the psychotic symptoms be present for a long enough time (at least a couple of weeks) when a person is not experiencing any serious mood symptoms. Are You Experiencing Positive Psychotic Symptoms? Differences in Treatments The treatment of schizophrenia relies mostly on a special group of prescription medications called antipsychotics. These include older the older antipsychotic medications  haloperidol  and chlorpromazine, as well as newer medications,  risperidone, olanzapine, ziprasidone, quetiapine, asenapine, or lurasidone.?? Maintenance treatment for schizophrenia is almost always an antipsychotic medication. The treatment for the psychotic symptoms of schizoaffective disorder also includes antipsychotics. Paliperidone (invega), an atypical second generation antipsychotic, is the only medication that has the FDA approved indication to treat schizoaffective disorder, although all of the other antipsychotic medications are commonly used.?? For mood symptoms, people who have schizoaffective disorder are prescribed antidepressants if they have the depressive type, and mood stabilizers, such as valproate  or lithium, if they have the bipolar type.?? People who have schizophrenia usually do not need to take mood stabilizers or antidepressants, but sometimes, these medications are needed in addition to antipsychotics. A Word From Verywell Living with schizoaffective disorder is very much like like living with schizophrenia, except that there is a prominent mood component with schizoaffective disorder. These two conditions are not the same as schizoid personality disorder or schizotypal disorder, which are personality disorders that also impact thinking and the ability to relate to others.?? People who have these personality disorders do not have the same degree of psychosis and lack of insight that is characteristic of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. If you are worried that you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, please seek out help from a healthcare professional. While these disorders are serious and interfere substantially with daily life, they can be managed with proper treatment. The Best Online Therapy Programs

The Challenges of Raising Tobacco and Alcohol Taxes

Will raising tobacco and alcohol taxes decrease consumers and benefit to fund states and people for the rising medical costs? It has been said a lot about the dangers of smoking and drinking. We hear about it everyday in the mass media and from health professionals. It is hard to see people losing their voice, being unable to work and in the end dying because of cancer. It is also painful to watch the whole family from a household dying as a result of their car being hit by drunk driver. There are lots of children, adults and hardworking people who died as a result of drinking and driving. McLLelan Deborah , on Washington News Letter Section states about tobacco and alcohol: Cigarettes kill close to 435,000 Americans and cost society tens of billions of dollars annually. Alcohol use causes more than 100,000 deaths each year in the U.S. and is related to a number of health and Social problems. Econometric studies estimate that a $2 per cigarette pack increase would prevent roughly 2 million premature deaths over time by deterring youths from starting to smoke and encouraging smokers to quit. Increases in alcohol prices have also been shown to keep youths from drinking. (Nations Health Mar93, Vol. 23 Issue 3, p4) The fight against this problem has to be an ongoing process. It is a major issue that involves lives. Increasing taxes on tobacco and alcohol improves the health of people and can benefit the government and people to finance the rising medical cost. AlthoughShow MoreRelatedRaising Taxes on Tobacco and Alcohol1637 Words   |  6 PagesRaising taxes on tobacco and alcohol The harmful effect of tobacco and alcohol are well profound and experienced in the daily lives of people across the world. It has been mentioned and medically proven that some of the deadliest conditions like liver cirrhosis and cancers are associated with the consumption of these two substances. The rate of the abuse apparently is increasing with the heightened networking of the globe and the use of these two substances has fast moved to the abuse levelsRead MoreEconomy: Taxes are Good Especially at the Macroeconomic Level684 Words   |  3 PagesTaxes– the word which sent ripple effects once the mind interpreted the word. A surcharge, something paid above and beyond the good you’re paying for. At times one might burst boughs of anger in coloured word as your initial calculations on what you were going to pay are wrong. Wait a minute, those taxes are working for us– or are they? If you look at the economy at a macro level, it doesn’t take a genius to see that taxes are generally good. When looking at the expenditure approach GDP=C+I+G+NxRead MoreIncrease Taxation Of Tobacco Products On South Korea And Reduce The Levels Of Noncommunicable Diseases1733 Words   |  7 PagesAmy Tseng G H 511: Problems in Global Health Critical Analysis Paper December 2, 2014 Word Count: 1,536 Increase taxation of tobacco products in South Korea to reduce the levels of noncommunicable diseases Introduction and Background One of the major global public health challenges of the 21st century is noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Current global mortality from NCDs remains exceedingly high and continues to increase. According to World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 estimates, 38 millionRead MoreThe $ 6.7 Million Budget Gap For The Next Fiscal Year830 Words   |  4 Pagessuggestion of what you, our Mayor, can do to meet the next fiscal year budget. Piggybacking a considerable sales tax of  ¾ cent onto the state’s current rate of 8% is a good idea. Piggybacking is the best option I would recommend to you as a method of raising the revenue. The attachment of the tax would make the people pay more than they do while making sales. The idea can raise revenue that can be helpful to meet the budget. Te people will have to pay as every day people make sales and therefore cannotRead MoreThe Effects of Lowering the Drinking Age to 181126 Words   |  5 PagesRhetoric and Composition 15 December 2012 Lowering The Drinking Age Alcohol is considered to be a large problem in society today. Especially with young adults between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one. Which presents the question of whether or not the drinking age should be lowered. Lowering the legal drinking age to eighteen would have positive and negative influences on society. Positive through raising more government taxes and keep high school age and young college students out of troubleRead MoreEssay on Higher Education and Financial Aid from the Government1667 Words   |  7 Pagesvery significant changes have been made by our government offering improved financial aid to current and future students, more can still be done. Our politicians could increase the Pell Grant maximum to coincide with rising tuition costs, increase taxes on irrelevant goods and services to provide students with more direct funding, set up a â€Å"reward system† that would place more responsibility on the students (rather than themselves), and most impo rtantly, our two main parties in office need to agreeRead MoreEffect of Cigarette Smoking Essay2834 Words   |  12 Pagespresented with few grammatical and spelling errors, correctly referenced with Harvard reference style | | | | | | | General Comments 1st Marker Deborah Richardson 2nd Marker Introduction This presentation evaluates the impact of tobacco smoking in Nigeria with a proposed structured strategy based on theoretical approaches and public Health models to tackle this complex Health problem in a bid to improve and protect Health. Until recently, non communicable diseases stillRead More Globalization Has A Negative Impact on Global Health1799 Words   |  8 Pageswill examine how globalisation has helped alcohol and tobacco trade around the world and in doing so affected health, how globalization has enabled the global community to combat these issues and an estimation of alcohol and tobacco consumption in different countries. This essay will also contain statistics from the World Health Organization based on alcohol and tobacco to illustrate the impact of globalisation. Alcohol: The question as to when alcohol was invented is still unknown, but the discoveryRead MoreAnti Smoking Programs For Smoking1589 Words   |  7 Pagesother campaigns have taken on the challenge of combatting anti-smoking with the tobacco industry’s promotion. The â€Å"truth† campaign, specifically, imposed an early and effective model for anti-smoking programs to follow, therefore making it highly successful. The â€Å"truth† campaign is one of the most recent large-scale national anti-smoking programs used to change attitudes and beliefs towards smoking. In 1998, the Florida Department of Health launched this tobacco prevention program that featured aRead MoreAmerica s Fiscal 2017 Budget1719 Words   |  7 Pagesas Louisiana was awash in one-time revenue, including federal funding to the state to aid recovery from disasters such as hurricanes Katrina and Gustav. Critics of the state s use of one-time revenue said it shielded the effects of lowering income taxes that caused a long-term structural deficit. Now, the rains in Louisiana have added to its revenue misery and exacerbated the vulnerability to revenue weakness in the natural resources sector, or, as Marcia Howard wrote: Clearly, there are states

Taking a Look at Anorexia Nervosa - 1158 Words

Anorexia Sickness can quickly become a disease. An eating disorder called anorexia nervosa begins as a type of diet but turns into a disease that can severely affect many aspects of your life. This occurs when people reach the point of starvation because they are overly conscious of their weight, even though they may be dangerously underweight. When someone becomes obsessed with their self-image, action must be taken to provide the best treatment for them. Anorexia can become a serious problem that will change the way you think, act and feel. Because of various factors, individuals are devastated emotionally mentally by anorexia. One factor that triggers anorexia begins at an early age. Particular childhood events can lead to eating†¦show more content†¦In other cultures, eating disorders are just as ubiquitous. A study was done by Osvold Sodowsky, and it proved that Black and Native American women who were more accommodating with the American culture showed more symptoms o f anorexia than those who were less accepting of the white American way of living (Northwestern University). This proves that the impact from the media, especially in America, provides a hope for something that isn’t reachable. In past years, it was said that anorexia was most commonly found in upper-middle class White women, but over time, women of different ethnicities are also commonly confronted with anorexia. (Duckworth, Freedman). It is possible to lose enough weight to fit the standard that is set, but can hurt your life in so many different ways. Eating disorders are not just about food and weight; they affect someone both psychologically and emotionally. â€Å"Anorexics punish themselves for their perceived failures and self-hatred by restricting their food intake.† (Engel). Although this may be the case, people with anorexia don’t just take food from their lives, the fact that they have self-hatred to trigger it causes many more complications and long-term effects. Clearly, anorexia is not just a weight issue. Individuals mainly use food to control how they are feeling if they are placed in a conflict or feel insecure.Show MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Anorexia Nervosa1613 Words   |  7 Pagesthat I have learnt a lot about eating disorders and anorexia nervosa in particular. I researched the DSM V diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa. The criteria that must be met include an intense fear of gaining weight (even if the patient is severely underweight), restriction of calorie intake relative to requirements leading to a significantly low weight and an altered perception of one’s own body weight/shape. Sufferers of anorexia nervosa can be subdivided into two types: restricting (who cutRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, And Binge Eating1694 Words   |  7 Pagesactivities, eating disorders are becoming more and more common. There are three main types: anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating. Binge eating is when you consume large amounts of food at one time, following the intake with no attempt to prevent weight gain. Bulimia is when you consume large amounts of food at one time, followed by an attempt to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting. Anorexia Nervosa is when you limit your food intake to little-to-none with the outcome of weight thatRead MoreThe Dangerous Effects of Eating Disorders1100 Words   |  5 Pagesthat you eat and how much you weigh, you often focus on little else (http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eating-disorders/basics/def inition/con-20033575 ). There are three main types of eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa is the fear of gaining weight. If you have bulimia nervosa, you eat large amounts very quickly, and then you purge. Lastly, binge eating is where you feel out of control and you eat, and eat, and eat, and you cannot stop. Eating disorders can cause serious physical problemsRead MoreAnorexia Nervos Eating Disorders Association1013 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that affects about 0.5 to 1 percent of women in the United States today. (Anorexia Nervosa | National Eating Disorders Association) While, that may not seem like a lot of people are suffering from Anorexia nervosa it has received a significant amount of attention due to the consequences of developing this disorder. For example, it is reported that five to twenty percent of people who have Anorexia Nervosa will eventually succumb to theirRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1410 Words   |  6 Pages as defined by our text book for class, is psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications. The three most common and most easily identifiable forms of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. While most people who have eating disorders tend to be women from white middle-class upper-class families, eating disorders span social class, ge nder, race, and ethnic backgrounds (Floyd, Mimms, YeldingRead MoreEating Disorders Among Young Adults1015 Words   |  5 Pagessociety seeing famous people look like that it makes people take drastic measures to become skinny like them. Some people just don’t eat, others eat too much and then they make themselves throw up, and others don’t eat and then go exercise too much. Also we live in a society that is surrounded by food. In the United States there is a fast food restaurant on almost every corner and yet there is still an issue with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating. When itRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa998 Words   |  4 Pageseven social factors. Their main concern tends to focus on the amount of weight but yet gorge on varieties of unhealthy high calorie products (silverthorne1). In consequence females start to have Anorexia Nervosa or even Bulimia Nervosa. Even though both disorders are dangerous similarity Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia have common symptoms on an individual’s health and can even lead to termination of their life. Initially both disorders can be caused by becoming obsessed with unhealthy foods such asRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1443 Words   |  6 Pageseating disorders can be characterized in three ways which include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Anorexia nervosa can be further broken down into two types which are anorexia nervosa restricting type, and anorexia nervosa binge/purge type. Eating disorders if approached early enough can be reversed with no damage or very minimal damage to the person. One characteristic of an eating disorder is anorexia nervosa. This characteristic as described by Hoeksema (2014) is seenRead MoreThe Risks And The Management Of Adolescents With Eating Disorders1218 Words   |  5 Pageswas supplied by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Dentistry. The ultimate goal of this research was to educate dental professionals on anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and how to identify the predisposing factors. To begin, Hicks and Roberts start off by start off by telling us that statistically speaking anorexia and bulimia are serious medical conditions that most commonly effect adolescents and young adults. In 2014, 70 million people worldwide showed clinical signsRead MoreEating Disorders and the Media941 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, â€Å"the body type portrayed in advertising as the ideals is possessed naturally by only 5% of American females.† (â€Å"ANAD†) Body image has been a controversial theme because of the influence of the media. It is a widely known fact that eating disorder cases are on the rise. The concept of body image is a subjective matter. The common phrase, â€Å"Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder,† holds true meaning in this sense. One’s

Simple Linear Regression Free Essays

string(661) " 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Appraised Value \(in Thousands of Dollars\) Review: Inference for Regression We can describe the relationship between x and y using a simple linear regression model of the form  µy = \? 0 \+ \? 1 x 1000 900 Sale Price \(in Thousands of Dollars\) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Appraised Value \(in Thousands of Dollars\) response variable y : sale price explanatory variable x: appraised value relationship between x and y : linear strong positive We can estimate the simple linear regression model using Least Squares \(LS\) yielding the following LS regression line: y = 20\." Stat 326 – Introduction to Business Statistics II Review – Stat 226 Spring 2013 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 1 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 2 / 47 Review: Inference for Regression Example: Real Estate, Tampa Palms, Florida Goal: Predict sale price of residential property based on the appraised value of the property Data: sale price and total appraised value of 92 residential properties in Tampa Palms, Florida 1000 900 Sale Price (in Thousands of Dollars) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Appraised Value (in Thousands of Dollars) Review: Inference for Regression We can describe the relationship between x and y using a simple linear regression model of the form  µy = ? 0 + ? 1 x 1000 900 Sale Price (in Thousands of Dollars) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Appraised Value (in Thousands of Dollars) response variable y : sale price explanatory variable x: appraised value relationship between x and y : linear strong positive We can estimate the simple linear regression model using Least Squares (LS) yielding the following LS regression line: y = 20. 94 + 1. 069x Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 4 / 47 Review: Inference for Regression Interpretation of estimated intercept b0 : corresponds to the predicted value of y , i. We will write a custom essay sample on Simple Linear Regression or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. y , when x = 0 Review: Inference for Regression Interpretation of estimated slope b1 : corresponds to the change in y for a unit increase in x: when x increases by 1 unit y will increase by the value of b1 interpretation of b0 is not always meaningful (when x cannot take values close to or equal to zero) here b0 = 20. 94: when a property is appraised at zero value the predicted sales price is $20,940 — meaningful?! Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 5 / 47 b1 0: y decreases as x increases (negative association) b1 0: y increases as x increases (positive association) here b1 = 1. 069: when the appraised value of a property increases by 1 unit, i. e. by $1,000, the predicted sale price will increase by $1,069. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 6 / 47 Review: Inference for Regression Measuring strength and adequacy of a linear relationship correlation coe? cient r : measure of strength of linear relationship ? 1 ? r ? 1 here: r = 0. 9723 Review: Inference for Regression Population regression line Recall from Stat 226 Population regression line The regression model that we assume to hold true for the entire population is the so-called population regression line where  µy = ? 0 + ? 1 x, coe? cient of determination r 2 : amount of variation in y explained by the ? tted linear model 0 ? r2 ? 1 here: r 2 = (0. 9723)2 = 0. 9453 ? 94. 53% of the variation in the sale price can be explained through the linear relationship between the appraised value (x) and the sale price (y ) Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 7 / 47  µy — average (mean) value of y in population for ? xed value of x ? — population intercept ? 1 — population slope The population regression line could only be obtained if we had information on all individuals in the population. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 8 / 47 Review: Inference for Regression Based on the population regression line we can fully describe re lationship between x and y up to a random error term ? y = ? 0 + ? 1 x + ? , where ? ? N (0, ? ) Review: Inference for Regression In summary, these are important notations used for SLR: Description x y Parameters ? 0 ? 1  µy ? Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 9 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Description Estimates b0 b1 y e Description Introduction to Business Statistics II 10 / 47 Review: Inference for Regression Review: Inference for Regression Validity of predictions Assuming we have a â€Å"good† model, predictions are only valid within the range of x-values used to ? t the LS regression model! Predicting outside the range of x is called extrapolation and should be avoided at all costs as predictions can become unreliable. Why ? t a LS regression model? A â€Å"good† model allows us to make predictions about the behavior of the response variable y for di? rent values of x estimate average sale price ( µy ) for a property appraised at $223,000: x = 223 : y = 20. 94 + 1. 069 ? 223 = 259. 327 ? the average sale price for a property appraised at $223,000 is estimated to be about $259,327 What is a â€Å"good† model? — answer to this question is not straight forward. We can visually check the validity of the ? tted linear model (through residu al plots) as well as make use of numerical values such as r 2 . more on assessing the validity of regression model will follow. 11 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 12 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II Review: Inference for Regression What to look for: Review: Inference for Regression Regression Assumptions residual plot: Assumptions SRS (independence of y -values) linear relationship between x and  µy for each value of x, population of y -values is normally distributed (? ? ? N) r2 : for each value of x, standard deviation of y -values (and of ? ) is ? In order to do inference (con? dence intervals and hypotheses tests), we need the following 4 assumptions to hold: Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 13 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 14 / 47 Review: Inference for Regression †SRS Assumption† is hardest to check The †Linearity Assumption† and †Constant SD Assumption† are typically checked visually through a residual plot. Recall: residual = y ? y = y ? (b0 + b1 x) The †Normality Assumption† is checked by assessing whether residuals are approximately normally distributed (use normal quantile plot) plot x versus residuals any pattern indicates violation Review: Inference for Regression Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 15 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 16 / 47 Review: Inference for Regression Returning to the Tampa Palms, Florida example: 100 50 Residual 0 -50 -100 -150 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Review: Inference for Regression Going one step further, excluding the outlier yields 0. 2 0. 1 0. 0 -0. 1 -0. 2 -0. 3 4 4. 5 5 5. 5 log Appraised 6 6. 5 7 Residual Appraised Value (in Thousands of Dollars) Note: non-constant variance can often be stabilized by transforming x, or 0. 5 y , or both: Residual 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -1. 5 4 4. 5 5 5. 5 log Appraised 6 6. 5 7 outliers/in? uential points in general should only be excluded from an analysis if they can be explained and their exclusion can be justi? ed, e. g. ypo or invalid measurements, etc. excluding outliers always means a loss of information handle outliers with caution may want to compare analyses with and without outliers Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 17 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 18 / 47 Review: Inference for Regression normal quantil e plots Tampa Palms example Residuals Sale Price (in Thousands of Dollars) 100 .01 . 05 . 10 . 25 . 50 . 75 . 90 . 95 . 99 Review: Inference for Regression Residuals log Sale 50 Regression Inference Con? dence intervals and hypotheses tests -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Normal Quantile Plot -50 -100 Need to assess whether linear relationship between x and y holds true for entire population. .01 . 05 . 10 . 25 . 50 . 75 . 90 . 95 . 99 Residuals log Sale without outlier 0. 2 0. 1 0 -0. 1 -0. 2 -0. 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 This can be accomplished through testing H0 : ? 1 = 0 vs. H0 : ? 1 = 0 based on the estimates slope b1 . For simplicity we will work with the untransformed Tampa Palms data. Normal Quantile Plot Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 19 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 20 / 47 Review: Inference for Regression Review: Inference for Regression Example: Find 95% CI for ? 1 for the Tampa Palms data set Con? dence intervals We can construct con? dence intervals (CIs) for ? 1 and ? 0 . General form of a con? dence interval estimate  ± t ? SEestimate , where t ? is the critical value corresponding to the chosen level of con? dence C t ? is based on the t-distribution with n ? 2 degrees of freedom (df) Interpretation: Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 21 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 22 / 47 Review: Inference for Regression Review: Inference for Regression Testing for a linear relationship between x and y If we wish to test whether there exists a signi? cant linear relationship between x and y , we need to test H0 : ? 1 = 0 Why? If we fail to reject the null hypothesis (i. e. stick with H0 = ? 1 = 0), the LS regression model reduces to  µy = ? 1 =0 versus Ha : ? 1 = 0 ?0 + ? 1 x ? 0 + 0  · x ? 0 (constant) Introduction to Business Statistics II 24 / 47 = = implying that  µy (and hence y ) is not linearly dependent on x. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 23 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Review: Inference for Regression Review: Inference for Regression Example (Tampa Palms data set): Test at the ? = 0. 05 level of signi? cance for a linear relationship between the appraised value of a property and the sale price Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 25 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 26 / 47 Inference about Prediction Why ? t a LS regression model? The purpose of a LS regression model is to 1 Inference about Prediction 2 estimate  µy – average/mean value of y for a given value of x, say x ? e. g. estimate average sale price  µy for all residential property in Tampa Palms appraised at x ? $223,000 predict y – an individual/single future value of the response variable y for a given value of x, say x ? e. g. predict a future sale price of an individual residential property appraised at x ? =$223,000 Keep in mind that we consider predictions for only one value of x at a time. Note, these two tasks are VERY di? erent. Carefully think about the di? erence! Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 27 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 28 / 47 Inference about Prediction To estimate  µy and to predict a single future y value for a given level of x = x ? we can use the LS regression line y = b0 + b1 x Simply substitute the desired value of x, say x ? , for x: y = b0 + b1 x ? Inference about Prediction In addition we need to know how much variability is associated with the point estimator. Taking the variability into account provides information about how good and reliable the point estimator really is. That is, which range potentially captures the true (but unknown) parameter value? Recall from 226 ? construction of con? dence intervals Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 29 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 0 / 47 Inference about Prediction Much more variability is associated with estimating a single observation than estimating an average — individual observations always vary more than averages!! Inference about Prediction Therefore we distinguish a con? dence interval for the average/mean response  µy and a prediction interval for a single future observation y Both intervals use a t ? critical value from a t-distribution with df = n ? 2. the standard error will be di? erent for each interval: While the point estimator for the average  µy and the future individual value y are the same (namely y = b0 + b1 x ? , the of the two con? dence intervals ! Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 31 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 32 / 47 Inference about Prediction Con? dence interval for the average/mean response  µy Width of the con? dence interval is determined using the standard error SE µ (from estimating the mean response) SE µ can be obtained in JMP Keep in mind that every con? dence interval is always constructed for one speci? c given v alue x ? A level C con? dence interval for the average/mean response  µy , when x takes the value x? is given by y  ± t ? SE µ , where SE µ is the standard error for estimating a mean response. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 33 / 47 Inference about Prediction Prediction interval for a single (future) value y Again, Width of the con? dence interval is determined using the standard error SE µ (from estimating the mean response) SEy can be obtained in JMP Keep in mind that every prediction interval is always constructed for one speci? c given value x ? A level C prediction interval for a single observation y , when x takes the value x ? is given by y  ± t ? SEy , where SEy is the standard error for estimating a single response. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 34 / 47 Inference about Prediction The larger picture: Inference about Prediction The larger picture cont’d. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 35 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 36 / 47 Inference about Prediction Example: An appliance store runs a 5-month experiment to determine the e? ect of advertising on sales revenue. There are only 5 observations. The scatterplot of the advertising expenditures versus the sales revenues is shown below: Bivariate Fit of Sales Revenues (in Dollars) By Advertising expenditure Inference about Prediction Example cont’d: JMP can draw the con? dence intervals for the mean responses as well as for the predicted values for future observations (prediction intervals). These are called con? dence bands: Bivariate Fit of Sales Revenues (in Dollars) By Advertising expenditure 5000 5000 Sales Revenues (in Dollars) 4000 3000 2000 1000 Sales Revenues (in Dollars) 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Advertising expenditure (in Dollars) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Advertising expenditure (in Dollars) Linear Fit Linear Fit Sales Revenues (in Dollars) = -100 + 7 Advertising expenditure (in Dollars) Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 37 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 38 / 47 Inference about Prediction Inference about Prediction Estimation and prediction (for the appliance store data) Estimation and prediction – Using JMP For each observation in a data set we can get from JMP: y , SEy , and also SE µ . In JMP do: 1 2 We wish to estimate the mean/average revenue of the subpopulation of stores that spent x ? = 200 on advertising. Suppose that we also wish to predict the revenue in a future month when our store spends x ? = 200 on advertising. The point estimate in both situations is the same: y = ? 100 + 7 ? 200 ? 1300 the corresponding standard errors of the mean and of the prediction however are di? erent: SE µ ? 331. 663 SEy ? 690. 411 40 / 47 Choose Fit Model From response icon, choose Save Columns and then choose Predicted Values, Std Error of Predicted, and Std Error of Individual. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 39 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II Inference about Prediction Estimation and prediction (cont’d) Note that in the appliance store example, SEy SE µ (690. 411 versus 331. 63). This is true always: we can estimate a mean value for y for a given x ? much more precisely than we can predict the value of a single y for x = x ?. In estimating a mean  µy for x = x ? , the only uncertainty arises because we do not know the true regression line. In predicting a single y for x = x ? , we have two uncertainties: the true regression line plus the expected variability of y -values around the true line. Inference about Prediction Estimation and prediction (cont’d) It always holds that SE µ SEy Therefore a prediction interval for a single future observation y will always be wider than a con? ence interval for the mean response  µy as there is simply more uncertainty in predicting a single value. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 41 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 42 / 47 Inference about Prediction Example cont’d: JMP also calculates con? dence intervals for the mean response  µy as well as prediction intervals for single future observations y. (For instructions follow the handout on JMP commands related to regression CIs and PIs. ) Inference about Prediction Example cont’d: To construct both a con? ence and/or prediction interval, we need to obtain SE µ and SEy in JMP for the value x ? that we are interested in: Month Ad. Expend. S ales Rev. Pred. Sales Rev. StdErr Pred Sales Revenues StdErr Indiv Sales Revenues Let’s construct one 95% CI and PI by hand and see if we can come up with the same results as JMP: In the second month the appliance store spent x = $200 on advertising and observed $1000 in sales revenue, so x = 200 and y = 1000 Using the estimated LS regression line, we predict: y = ? 100 + 7 ? 200 = 1300 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 43 / 47 Need to ? nd t ? ?rst: Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 44 / 47 Inference about Prediction A 95% CI for the mean response  µy , when x ? = 200: Inference about Prediction A 95% PI for a single future observation of y , when x ? = 200: Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 45 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 46 / 47 Inference about Prediction Example cont’d: Advertising exp. Sales Rev. Lower 95% Mean Upper 95% Mean Sales Rev. Sales Rev. Lower 95% Indiv Sales Rev. Upper 95% Indiv Sales Rev. Month Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 47 / 47 How to cite Simple Linear Regression, Papers

School Vouchers Essays - Education Economics, Alternative Education

School Vouchers Education School Vouchers There has been a lot of debate recently over the use of school vouchers. Voucher programs offer students attending both public and private schools tuition vouchers. It gives taxpayers the freedom to pick where their tax dollars go. In theory, good schools will thrive with money and bad schools will lose students and close its doors. Most people feel that taking taxpayer money from public schools and using this money as vouchers for private schools is a violation of the constitution. Most private schools in America right now are run by religious organizations. There has been a lot of controversy over this issue mainly because of the importance of an education in a modern society. School choice initiatives are based on the premise that allowing parents to choose what schools their children attend is not only the right thing to do, but is also an important way for improving education. Instead of a one-size-fits-all model, School choice programs offer parents various options from which to pick the educational settings they believe will work best for their child. However, there is Supporters of school vouchers claim that it levels the educational playing field for lower income families who would have the option to send their kids away from an ?ineffective? poorly funded public schools. Some lower class families feel that their kids would have a better chance with a tuition voucher to go to a private school where more money is spent on education. Many feel that vouchers would undermine public schools, by taking away public money for smaller class sizes, teacher training and innovative curriculum. Also, many feel that vouchers would erode the support for public education. In Milwaukee, voucher schools say they do not give special services to students with disabilities. Most of the voucher schools refused to sign a letter that they will honor constitutional rights such as free speech and due process. The letter stated that the schools would not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation, pregnancy, or marital status. Despite the controversy surrounding vouchers, the private school choice movement may be gaining support. In June of 1999, The Florida legislature approved a plan to give children in the state's worst schools taxpayer-funded tuition payments to attend qualified public, private, or religious schools. While state-accepted programs that provide public money for students to attend private and religious schools are already in place in Cleveland and Milwaukee, the Florida action is important because it is the first comprehensive voucher plan to be approved by a state. However, this year, a Florida judge struck down the Florida's legislature year old program that allows students to get away from troubled and poorly funded schools. The Judge stated tax dollars may not be used to send the children of this state to private schools, the Judge ruled. He based his decision on the 1998 amendment that Florida voters added to the state constitution declaring an efficient, safe, secure and high-quality system of free public schools to be a paramount duty of the state. Judges in a lower court have had mixed rulings on this issue. Some judges have upheld the voucher programs and some have struck them down. This issue is yet to be decided by the US Supreme Court and continues to cause debate until the Supreme Court settles it.